RAPUNZEL STORIES

There were once a man and a woman who had long, in vain, wished for a child. At length it appeared that God was about to grant their desire.
     These people had a little window at the back of their house from which a splendid garden could be seen, which was full of the most beautiful flowers and herbs. It was, however, surrounded by a high wall, and no one dared to go into it because it belonged to an enchantress, who had great power and was dreaded by all the world.
     One day the woman was standing by this window and looking down into the garden, when she saw a bed which was planted with the most beautiful rampion, and it looked so fresh and green that she longed for it. She quite pined away, and began to look pale and miserable.
     Her husband was alarmed, and asked: 'What ails you, dear wife?'
     'Ah,' she replied, 'if I can't eat some of the rampion, which is in the garden behind our house, I shall die.'
     The man, who loved her, thought: 'Sooner than let your wife die, bring her some of the rampion yourself, let it cost what it will.'
     At twilight, he clambered down over the wall into the garden of the enchantress, hastily clutched a handful of rampion, and took it to his wife. She at once made herself a salad of it, and ate it greedily. It tasted so good to her - so very good, that the next day she longed for it three times as much as before.
     If he was to have any rest, her husband knew he must once more descend into the garden. Therefore, in the gloom of evening, he let himself down again; but when he had clambered down the wall he was terribly afraid, for he saw the enchantress standing before him.
     'How can you dare,' said she with angry look, 'descend into my garden and steal my rampion like a thief? You shall suffer for it!' 

     'Ah,' answered he, 'let mercy take the place of justice, I only made up my mind to do it out of necessity. My wife saw your rampion from the window, and felt such a longing for it that she would have died if she had not got some to eat.'
     The enchantress allowed her anger to be softened, and said to him: 'If the case be as you say, I will allow you to take away with you as much rampion as you will, only I make one condition, you must give me the child which your wife will bring into the world; it shall be well treated, and I will care for it like a mother.'
     The man in his terror consented to everything.
     When the woman was brought to bed, the enchantress appeared at once, gave the child the name of Rapunzel, and took it away with her.
     Rapunzel grew into the most beautiful child under the sun. When she was twelve years old, the enchantress shut her into a tower in the middle of a forest. The tower had neither stairs nor door, but near the top was a little window. When the enchantress wanted to go in, she placed herself beneath it and cried:

'Rapunzel, Rapunzel,
Let down your hair to me.'

     Rapunzel had magnificent long hair, fine as spun gold, and when she heard the voice of the enchantress, she unfastened her braided tresses, wound them round one of the hooks of the window above, and then the hair fell twenty ells down, and the enchantress climbed up by it.
     After a year or two, it came to pass that the king's son rode through the forest and passed by the tower. Then he heard a song, which was so charming that he stood still and listened. It was Rapunzel, who in her solitude passed her time in letting her sweet voice resound. The king's son wanted to climb up to her, and looked for the door of the tower, but none was to be found. He rode home, but the singing had so deeply touched his heart, that every day he went out into the forest and listened to it. 

     Once when he was thus standing behind a tree, he saw that an enchantress came there, and he heard how she cried:

'Rapunzel, Rapunzel,
Let down your hair to me.'

     Then Rapunzel let down the braids of her hair, and the enchantress climbed up to her.
     'If that is the ladder by which one mounts, I too will try my fortune,' said he, and the next day when it began to grow dark, he went to the tower and cried:

'Rapunzel, Rapunzel,
Let down your hair to me.'

     Immediately the hair fell down and the king's son climbed up.
     At first Rapunzel was terribly frightened when a man, such as her eyes had never yet beheld, came to her; but the king's son began to talk to her quite like a friend, and told her that his heart had been so stirred that it had let him have no rest, and he had been forced to see her. Then Rapunzel lost her fear, and when he asked her if she would take him for her husband, and she saw that he was young and handsome, she thought: 'He will love me more than old Dame Gothel does'; and she said yes, and laid her hand in his.
     She said: 'I will willingly go away with you, but I do not know how to get down. Bring with you a skein of silk every time that you come, and I will weave a ladder with it, and when that is ready I will descend, and you will take me on your horse.'
     They agreed that until that time he should come to her every evening, for the old woman came by day. The enchantress remarked nothing of this, until once Rapunzel said to her: 'Tell me, Dame Gothel, how it happens that you are so much heavier for me to draw up than the young king's son - he is with me in a moment.' 

     'Ah! you wicked child,' cried the enchantress. 'What do I hear you say! I thought I had separated you from all the world, and yet you have deceived me!'
     In her anger she clutched Rapunzel's beautiful tresses, wrapped them twice round her left hand, seized a pair of scissors with the right, and snip, snap, they were cut off, and the lovely braids lay on the ground. And she was so pitiless that she took poor Rapunzel into a desert where she had to live in great grief and misery.
     On the same day that she cast out Rapunzel, however, the enchantress fastened the braids of hair, which she had cut off, to the hook of the window, and when the king's son came and cried:

'Rapunzel, Rapunzel,
Let down your hair to me.'

     she let the hair down. The king's son ascended, but instead of finding his dearest Rapunzel, he found the enchantress, who gazed at him with wicked and venomous looks.
     'Aha!' she cried mockingly, 'you would fetch your dearest, but the beautiful bird sits no longer singing in the nest; the cat has got it, and will scratch out your eyes as well. Rapunzel is lost to you; you will never see her again.'

     The king's son was beside himself with pain, and in his despair he leapt down from the tower. He escaped with his life, but the thorns into which he fell pierced his eyes.
     He wandered quite blind about the forest, ate nothing but roots and berries, and did naught but lament and weep over the loss of his dearest wife. Thus he roamed about in misery for some years, and at length came to the desert where Rapunzel, with the twins to which she had given birth, a boy and a girl, lived in wretchedness. He heard a voice, and it seemed so familiar to him that he went towards it, and when he approached, Rapunzel knew him and fell on his neck and wept. Two of her tears wetted his eyes and they grew clear again, and he could see with them as before. He led her to his kingdom where he was joyfully received, and they lived for a long time afterwards, happy and contented.

Tulisan Wajib

A noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be "counted", they have a singular and plural form .
For example:

• A book, two books, three books .....
• An apple, two apples, three apples ....

Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns or noncount nouns) cannot be counted, they are not seperate objects. This means you cannot make them plural by adding -s, because they only have a singular form. It also means that they do not take a/an or a number in front of them.
For example:

• Water
• Work
• Information
• Coffee
• Sand

Countable (use a/an or a number in front of countable nouns)	Uncountable (there is no a/an or number with uncountable nouns)
An Apple / 1 Apple	Rice
I eat an apple every day.	I eat rice every day. (not I eat a rice every day.)
Add (s) to make a countable noun plural	There is no plural form for an uncountable noun
apples	rice
I eat an apple every day. Apples are good for you.	I eat rice every day. Rice is good for you.
A computer= Computers are fun.	To make uncountable nouns countable add a counting word, such as a unit of measurement, or the general word piece. We use the form "a ....... of ......."
An elephant=Elephants are large.	Rice=a grain of rice
	Water=a glass of water
	Rain=a drop of rain
	Music=a piece of music
You can use some and any with countable nouns. Some dogs can be dangerous. I don't use any computers at work.	You can use some and any with uncountable nouns. I usually drink some wine with my meal. I don't usually drink any water with my wine.
You only use many and few with plural countable nouns. So many elephants have been hunted that they are an endangered species. There are few elephants in England.	You only use much and little with uncountable nouns. I don't usually drink much coffee. Little wine is undrinkable though.
You can use a lot of and no with plural countable nouns. No computers were bought last week. A lot of computers were reported broken the week before.	You can use a lot of and no with uncountable nouns. A lot of wine is drunk in France. No wine is drunk in Iran.

Some mass nouns refer to groups of specific things.

For example:-

Tables, chairs, cupboards etc. are grouped under the mass noun furniture.
Plates, saucers, cups and bowls are grouped under the mass noun crockery.
Knives, forks, spoons etc. are grouped under the collective noun cutlery.
When you are travelling suitcases, bags etc. are grouped under the mass noun luggage / baggage.

Making uncountable nouns countable

You can make most uncountable noun countable by putting a countable expression in front of the noun.
For example:-

• A piece of information.
• 2 glasses of water.
• 10 litres of coffee.
• Three grains of sand.
• A pane of glass.

Sources of confusion with countable and uncountable nouns

The notion of countable and uncountable can be confusing.
Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on their meaning. Usually a noun is uncountable when used in a general, abstract meaning (when you don't think of it as a separate object) and countable when used in a particular meaning (when you can think of it as a separate object).
For example:-
glass - Two glasses of water. (Countable) | A window made of glass. (Uncountable) | glasses - I wear glasses. (Always plural)
Some supposedly uncountable nouns can behave like countable nouns if we think of them as being in containers, or one of several types.

This is because 'containers' and 'types' can be counted.

Believe it or not each of these sentences is correct:-

Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two coffees a day.
(Here coffees refers to the number of cups of coffee)
You could write; "Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two cups of coffee a day."

The coffees I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian.
(Here coffees refers to different types of coffee)
You could write; "The types of coffee I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian."

Tulisan

"Unbelievable"

Always said I would know where to find love,
Always thought I'd be ready and strong enough,
But some times I just felt I could give up.
But you came and you changed my whole world now,
I'm somewhere I've never been before.
Now I see, what love means.

It's so unbelievable,
And I don't want to let it go,
Something so beautiful,
Flowing down like a waterfall.
I feel like you've always been,
Forever a part of me.
And it's so unbelievable to finally be in love,
Somewhere I'd never thought I'd be.

In my heart, in my head, it's so clear now,
Hold my hand you've got nothing to fear now,
I was lost and you've rescued me some how-.
I'm alive, I'm in love you complete me,
And I've never been here before.
Now I see, what love means.


When I think of what I have, and this chance I nearly lost,
I cant help but break down, and cry.
Oh yeah, break down and cry.


Now I see, what love means

Tugas 2

1.       The teacher decide to accept the paper.

2.       They appreciate to have this information.

3.       His father doesn’t approve of his going to Europe.

4.       We found it very diffuclt to each a decision.

5.       Donna is interested in opening a bar.

6.       George has no intention of  leaving the city now.

7.       We are eager to return to school in the fall.

8.       You wold be better off  buying this car.

9.       She refused  to accept the gift.

10.   Mary regrets to be the one to have to tell him.

11.   George pretended being sick yesterday.

12.   Carlos hopes to finish his thesis this year.

13.   The a greed to leave carly.

14.   Helen was anxious to tell her family about her promotion.

15.   We are not ready to stop this research at this time.

16.   Henry shouldn’t risk to drive so fast.

17.   He demands to know what is going on.

18.   She is looking forward to return to her country.

19.   There is no excuse for leaving the room in this condition.

20.   Gerald returned to his home after  leaving the game

Tugas 1

Exercise 10: Subject-Verb Agreement
 1. John, along with twenty friends is planning a party.
2. The picture of the soldiers brings back many memories.
3. The quallity of these recordings is not very good.
 4. If the duties of these officers aren’t reduced, there will not be enough time t finish the project.
 5. The effects of cigarette smoking have been proven to be extremely harmful.
 6. The use of credit cards in place of cash has increased rapidly i recent years.
7. Advertisements on television are becoming more competitive than ever before.
8. Living expenses in this country, as well as in many others are at an all-time high.
9. Mr.Jones accompanied by several members of the commite has proposed some changes of the rules.
10. The levels of intoxication vary from subject to subject.

 Exercise 11: Subject-Verb Agreeement 
1. Neither Bill nor Mary is going to the play tonight.
2. Anything is becoming than going to another movie tonight.
3. Skating is becoming more popular every day.
4. A number of reporters were at the conferences yesterday.
5. Everybody who has a fever must go home immediately.
6. Your glasses was on the bureai last night.
7. There was some people at the meeting last night.
8. The committee has already reached a decision.
9. A pair of jeans was in the washing machine this morning.
10. Each student have answered the first three questions.
11. Either John or his wife makes breakfast each morning.
12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything was in order.
13. The crowd at the basketball game was wild with excitement.
14. A pack of wild dogs has fightened all the ducks away.
15. The jury is trying go reach a decision.
16. The army has eliminated this section of the training test.
17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter are appalling.
18. There has been too many interruptions in this class.
19. Every elementary school teacher have to take this examination.
20. Neither Jill nor her parents has seen this movie before.

Fenomena Film Habibie&Ainun 7 Hari 1juta Penonton

Seketika seluruh penonton bioskop pun tertawa, saat foto Reza Rahardian dipasangkan dengan almarhum Presiden Soeharto. Buat saya, barangkali juga mayoritas penonton, scene yang cuma beberapa detik itu seperti ice breaking dari scene-scene sebelumnya. Memang, ada dialog yang juga membuat penonton tersenyum, bahkan tertawa, menyelip di antara scene serius. Film Habibie & Ainun ini cukup menarik. Selain sosok Habibie-nya sendiri yang memang fenomena, karena menjadikan Indonesia dikenal di seluruh dunia, juga perjalanan cintanya dengan sang istri: Ainun yang cukup romantis. Dialog-dialog yang diadaptasi dari buku yang berjudul sama, membuat pasangan suami-istri yang kebetulan menonton seakan tersihir. Ingin mengikut jejak cinta mereka berdua. “Kamu adalah lelaki yang keras kepala. Tetapi jika aku dilahirkan kembali, aku tetap akan pilih kamu,” ujar Bunga Citra Lestari yang berperan sebagai Ainun. Menurut cucu Habibie, Bunga mirip dengan Ainun. Semua penilaian karakter memang berdasar cucu Pak Habibie, termasuk Reza. Buat saya, di film Habibie & Ainun ini Reza bermain luar biasa. Ia benar-benar menunjukan sosok sebagai actor, bukan sekadar pemain film yang belakangan kebanyakan modal tampang. Meski rambutnya masih tebal dan posturnya yang tinggi sangat bertolak belakang dengan penampakan Habibie, Reza tetap tampil total agar berusaha mirip dengan karakter Habibie. Kabarnya, melakukan riset selama kurang lebih 1,5 tahun. Dalam riset, ia belajar tentang keseharian Habibie, mulai cara berbicara, makan, tertawa, hingga gesture tangan. Ia lalu belajar bahasa Jerman selama tiga bulan. Selain belajar obrolan sehari-hari, juga belajar berbicara tentang teknik, terutama teknik keretakan pesawat yang menjadi keahlian Habibie. Hampir seluruh shooting, Habibie hadir untuk mensupervisi, termasuk scene saat Reza menuliskan teori Supersonic.. Habibie ingin angka-angka yang dituliskan harus benar. Tak heran adegan tersebut diulang sampai enam kali. Habibie juga mensupervisi scene ciuman. Urutan ciuman harus tepat, yakni kening, mata kanan, kiri, dan terakhir bibir. Banyak scene yang menguras air mati. Bagi penonton, terutama perempuan, yang tidak kuat menahan emosi, pasti akan meneteskan air mata. Selain tentunya scene-scene lucu, seperti pemasangan foto Reza saat Habibie diangkat jadi Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia. Scene ketika Habibie menuju ke rumah Soeharto di jalan Cendana juga membuat “gaduh” penonton. Memang tidak cukup istimewa, tetapi begitu scene iring-iringan mobil VIP menuju ke Istana dan Habibie duduk di kursi di ruang tamu Cendana, mayoritas penonton berbisik pelan: “Siapa nih yang jadi Soeharto-nya?”. Sampai dengan tokoh Soeharto berbicara dengan Habibie, shot-nya tidak memperlihatkan secara utuh wajah pemeran Soeharto. Ini yang membuat penasaran para penonton, termasuk saya. Dan akhirnya saya baru mendapat jawaban, setelah membaca credit title film Habibie & Aninun ini. Film yang disutradarai oleh Faozan Rizal ini cukup menarik. Seandainya saja tidak ada built in product, barangkali saya akan memuji detail kostum dan properti di tahun-tahun saat Habibie dan Ainun muda, masa pacaran, maupun saat menjabat jadi Menteri relatif baik. Namun, begitu ada built in product, saya jadi ilfil. Setidaknya ada sekitar 4 iklan yang coba dibuat selembut mungkin (baca: tidak hard sell). Ada iklan sirop yang muncul sekitar dua sceen, lalu kosmetik. Namun, begitu iklan coklet, saya sebagai penonton langsung flashback dan memperttanyakan tentang produk coklet di tahun itu. Setahu saya belum diproduksi. Termasuk iklan Gerban Tol Otomatis (GTO) di jalan tol, dimana masa Habibie menjadi Menteri maupun Wakil Presiden belum ada. Selain merasa terganggu dengan built in product, sebenarnya ada hal menarik yang juga luput dari riset film ini. Yakni kebiasaan tidur Habibie dan kebiasaan Ainun pada saat menemani Habibie saat bekerja. “Meski ketika saya sedang bekerja, ibu selalu menanti saya sambil membaca al-Quran. Ibu baca sekurang-kurangnya satu sampai satu setengah juz,” kenang Habibie yang penulis kutip dari situs Okezone, 17 Agustus 2010. Dalam film Habibie & Ainun, kesalehan Ainun cuma dua scene dimunculkan. Itu pun di akhir-akhir film, sebelum ia meninggal. Pertama, saat ia berwudhu dan sholat di tempat tidur dan saat ia sudah tidak bisa melakukan apa-apa, tetapi tangan kirinya memegang tasbih. Kesalehan Habibie pun juga ditunjukan cuma satu scene, saat ia menjadi Imam di dalam kamar tempat Ainun dirawat. Namun, nampaknya kebiasaan ini dianggap tidak penting bagi Faozan, maupun Habibie sendiri yang menjadi supervisi film ini. Anyway, film ini dianggap sukses dari segi jumlah penonton. Dalam 7 hari, film ini berhasil mengumpulkan penonton sebanyak 1.030.000 orang. Film yang diproduksi MD Entertainment ini menjadi film ke-3 terlaris di 2012 setelah The Raid (1.844.817 penonton) dan film saat ini masih beredar: 5 Cm (1.401.064 penonton). Namun masih jauh mengalahkan rekor penonton film Laskar Pelangi yang belum tertandingi, yakni lebih dari 5 juta penonton. sumber: http://hiburan.kompasiana.com/film/2012/12/30/film-habibie-ainun-wakil-presiden-itu-bernama-reza-rahardian-519988.html

Kutipan dan Catatan Kaki

KUTIPAN Definisi kutipan Kutipan adalah gagasan, ide, pendapat yang diambil dari berbagai sumber. Proses pengambilan gagasan itu disebut mengutip. Gagasan itu bisa diambil dari kamus, ensiklopedi, artikel, laporan, buku, majalah, internet, dan lain sebagainya. Fungsi Kutipan Kutipan memiliki fungsi tersendiri. Fungsi dari kutipan adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Menunjukkan kualitas ilmih yang lebih tinggi. 2) Menunjukkan kecermatan yang lebih akurat. 3) Memudahkan penilaian penggunaan sumber dana. 4) Memudahkan pembedaan data pustaka dan ketergantungan tambahan. 5) Mencegah pengulangan penulisan data pustaka. 6) Meningkatkan estetika penulisan. 7) Memudahkan peninjauan kembali penggunaan referensi, dan memudahkan penyuntingan naskah yang terkait dengan data pustaka. Jenis Kutipan A. Kutipan langsung: Kutipan Langsung ialah kutipan yang sama persis dengan teks aslinya,tidak boleh ada perubahan.Kalau ada hal yang dinilai salah/meragukan,kita beri tanda ( sic! ),yang artinya kita sekedar mengutip sesuai dengan aslinya dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kesalahan itu.Demikian juga kalau kita menyesuaikan ejaan,memberi huruf kapital,garis bawah,atau huruf miring,kita perlu menjelaskan hal tersebut, missal [ huruf miring dari pengutip ],[ ejaan disesuaikan dengan EYD ],dll. Bila dalam kutipan terdapat huruf atau kata yang salah lalu dibetulkan oleh pengutip,harus digunakan huruf siku [ ….. ] B. Kutipan tidak lansung ( Kutipan Isi ) Dalam kutipan tidak langsung kita hanya mengambil intisari pendapat yang kita kutip.Kutipan tidak langsung ditulis menyatu dengan teks yang kita buat dan tidak usah diapit tanda petik.Penyebutan sumber dapat dengan sistem catatan kaki,dapat juga dengan sistem catatan langsung ( catatan perut ) seperti telah dicontohkan. d. Kutipan pada catatan kaki e. Kutipan atas ucapan lisan f. Kutipan dalam kutipan g. Kutipan langsung pada materi Contoh Kutipan 1. Kutipan langsung “Pustaka Java berisi ribuan (lebih dari 5000) kelas beraneka ragam keampuhan. Kekayaan ini merupakan kandungan tersembunyi bahwa penggunaannya dapat menghemat ratusan jam kerja. Keampuhan ini hanya dapat dimanfaatkan bila kita rajin mencoba. Sebelum membuat solusi sendiri, coba eksplorasi pustaka bahasa, mungkin telah diselesaikan” (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 37-38) “Java memisahkan komponen untuk menampilkan keluaran dengan komponen untuk melakukan format keluaran. Keuntungan pemisahan antara lain format keluaran benar-benar sangat kaya melebihi yang dapat diperoleh di C++” (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 78) 2. Kutipan tak langsung Penulisan dengan identasi merupakan konvensi penulisan yang bagus untuk diikuti. Identasi berarti memberi iden setiap menemui blok baru pada blok-blok yang berbeda. Identasi adalah gaya penulisan program bukan bagian bahasa secara teknis, sehingga digunakan untuk memperjelas pembacaan program oleh pemrogram, bukan oleh kompilator. Kompilator menghasilkan keluaran yang sama meski tanpa identasi. (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 174) Polymorphism, yang berarti mempunyai banyak bentuk, merupakan konsep pokok di dalam perancangan berorientasi objek. Dua objek atau lebih dikatakan polymorphic jika mempunyai antarmuka-antarmuka yang identik namun mempunyai perilaku-perilaku berbeda. (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 357) Penulisan Sumber kutipan. Jika sumber kutipan (Pengarang) diketik sebelum kutipan maka cara penulisannya: Contoh: Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Sternber (1984:41) bahwa “ In Piaget’s Theory, Children’s Intelectual Functioning Is Represented In Terms Of Symbolic Logic.” Jika sumber kutipan (Pengarang) diketik sesudah kutipan maka cara penulisannya: Contoh: Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh bahwa “ In Piaget’s Theory, Children’s Intelectual Functioning Is Represented In Terms Of Symbolic Logic.” (Sternber, 1984: 41). • jika penulis dua orang maka keluarga kedua penulis harus di sebutkan, misalnya, Sharp dan Green (1976 : 1). Kalu penulisnya lebih dari 2 orang maka yang disebutkan nama keluarga dari penulis pertama dan diikuti oleh et. al. contoh: Mc.Clelland et al (1960: 35). Cara menulis daftar pustaka. } 1 spasi Brumfit , chrisopher. 1985. Language and Literature Teaching: from Practice to Principle. Pargamon Pres Ltd, England. } 2 spasi Ibrahim. 1990. tehnik Evaluasi dalam pengukuran kuantitatif. Ilham Karya, Bandung CATATAN KAKI Definisi Catatan Kaki Catatan kaki adalah keterangan yang dicantumkan pada margin bawah pada halaman buku. Catatan kaki biasanya dicetak dengan huruf lebih kecil daripada huruf di dalam teks guna menambahkan rujukan uraian di dalam naskah pokok. Catatan kaki untuk artikel yang diambil dari internet, cantumkan nama pengarang, judul artikel, tuliskan online (dalam kurung) diikuti alamat situsnya, seperti http:/ www.ed.gov./... yang memudahkan pembaca untuk mengakses sumber tersebut. Fungsi Catatan Kaki Catatan kaki dicantumkan sebagai pemenuhan kode etik yang berlaku, sebagai penghargaan terhadap karya orang lain. Jenis Catatan Kaki A. Penunjukan sumber (referensi): menunjuk sumber tempat kutipan terdapat. Referensi harus dibuat oleh penulis bila: 1) mengambil kutipan langsung 2) mengambil kutipan tak langsung 3) menjelaskan dengan kata-kata sendiri apa yang telah dibaca 4) meminjam sebuah tabel, peta atau diagram dari suatu sumber 5) menyusun sebuah diagram berdasar data-data yang diperoleh dari suatu sumber atau beberapa sumber 6) menyajikan sebuah evidensi khusus, yang tidak dianggap sebagai pengetahuan umum 7) menunjukkan kembali kepada bagian lain dari karangan itu. B. Catatan Penjelas Catatan penjelas adalah catatan kaki yang dibuat dengan tujuan untuk membatasi suatu pengertian, atau menerangkan dan memberi komentar terhadap suatu pernyataan atau pendapat yang dimuat dalam teks. Penjelasan ini harus dibuat dalam catatan kaki, dan tidak dimasukkan ke dalam teks. C. Gabungan penunjukan sumber dan catatan penjelas Jenis yang ketiga berupa gabungan antara penunjukan sumber dan catatan penjelas. Catatan Kaki dipergunakan: a) pendukung keabsahan penemuan atau pernyataan penulis yang tercantum di dalam teks atau sebagai petunjuk sumber b) tempat memperluas pembahasan yang diperlukan tetapi tidak relevan jika dimasukkan di dalam teks, penjelasan ini dapat berupa kutipan juga c) referensi silang, yaitu petunjuk yang menyatakan pada bagian mana/halaman berapa, hal yang sama dibahas di dalam tulisan d) tempat menyatakan penghargaan atas karya atau data yang diterima dari orang lain Cara menulis pada catatan kaki, urutannya sebagai berikut. 1. Nama penulis atau pengarang (tidak dibalik) 2. Judul buku 3. Tempat diterbitkan 4. Nama penerbit 5. Tahun terbitan ditulis di dalam kurung 6. Kemudian sertakan nomor halaman tempat informasi yang dicatat berada. Dalam karangan ilmiah catatan kaki ditulis pada bagian bawah halaman, diberi ruangan khusus. Catatan kaki memberi keterangan sebuah kutipan pada karangan ilmiah. Contoh penulisan catatan kaki: Abdul Chaer, Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2002). hlm. 37 Sumber: http://fikri-allstar.blogspot.com/2011/01/definisi-kutipan.html, http://lytasapi.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/pengertian-fungsi-dan-jenis-kutipan/, http://rianboco.blogspot.com/2012/01/pengertian-fungsi-jenis-dan-contoh.html, http://adekabang.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/180/,http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2009/11/definisi-contoh-membuat-catatan-kaki.html#.ULHbyXrHTmc, http://sayadea.blogspot.com/2009/10/catatan-kaki-footnote-catatan-kaki.html, http://www.gunadarma.ac.id